Bachelor Degrees
Computer Science and Engineering
Computer Science, study of the theory, experimentation, and
engineering that form the basis for the design and use of computers—devices that
automatically process information. Computer science traces its roots to work
done by English mathematician Charles Babbage, who first proposed a programmable
mechanical calculator in 1837. Until the advent of electronic digital computers
in the 1940s, computer science was not generally distinguished as being separate
from mathematics and engineering. Since then it has sprouted numerous branches
of research that are unique to the discipline.
Computer science is a combination of theory, engineering, and
experimentation. In some cases, a computer scientist develops a theory, then
engineers a combination of computer hardware and software based on that theory,
and experimentally tests it. An example of such a theory-driven approach is the
development of new software engineering tools that are then evaluated in actual
use. In other cases, experimentation may result in new theory, such as the
discovery that an artificial neural network exhibits behavior similar to neurons
in the brain, leading to a new theory in neurophysiology.
It might seem that the predictable nature of computers makes
experimentation unnecessary because the outcome of experiments should be known
in advance. But when computer systems and their interactions with the natural
world become sufficiently complex, unforeseen behaviors can result.
Experimentation and the traditional scientific method are thus key parts of
computer science.
Major branches of Computer Science:
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Electronics and Communication Engineering
Electronic engineering deals with the research, design,
integration, and application of circuits and devices used in the transmission
and processing of information. Information is now generated, transmitted,
received, and stored electronically on a scale unprecedented in history, and
there is every indication that the explosive rate of growth in this field will
continue unabated.
Electronic engineers design circuits to perform specific
tasks, such as amplifying electronic signals, adding binary numbers, and
demodulating radio signals to recover the information they carry. Circuits are
also used to generate waveforms useful for synchronization and timing, as in
television, and for correcting errors in digital information, as in
telecommunications. See also Electronics.
Prior to the 1960s, circuits consisted of separate electronic
devices—resistors, capacitors, inductors, and vacuum tubes—assembled on a
chassis and connected by wires to form a bulky package. Since then, there has
been a revolutionary trend toward integrating electronic devices on a single
tiny chip of silicon or some other semi conductive material. The complex task of
manufacturing these chips uses the most advanced technology, including
computers, electron-beam lithography, micro-manipulators, ion-beam implantation,
and ultra clean environments. Much of the research in electronics is directed
toward creating even smaller chips, faster switching of components, and
three-dimensional integrated circuits.
Engineers in this field are concerned with all aspects of
electrical communications, from fundamental questions such as “What is
information?” to the highly practical, such as design of telephone systems. In
designing communication systems, engineers rely heavily on various branches of
advanced mathematics, such as Fourier analysis, linear systems theory, linear
algebra, complex variables, differential equations, and probability theory.
Engineers work on control systems ranging from the everyday, passenger-actuated,
as those that run an elevator, to the exotic, as systems for keeping spacecraft
on course. Control systems are used extensively in aircraft and ships, in
military fire-control systems, in power transmission and distribution, in
automated manufacturing, and in robotics.
Engineers have been working to bring about two revolutionary changes in the
field of communications and control: Digital systems are replacing analog ones
at the same time that fiber optics are superseding copper cables. Digital
systems offer far greater immunity to electrical noise. Fiber optics are
likewise immune to interference; they also have tremendous carrying capacity,
and are extremely light and inexpensive to manufacture.
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Information Technology
Information Technology deals with processing and distribution
of data using computer hardware and software, telecommunications, and digital
electronics.
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Electrical and Electronics Engineering
The field of electric power is concerned with the design and
operation of systems for generating, transmitting, and distributing electric
power. Engineers in this field have brought about several important developments
since the late 1970s. One of these is the ability to transmit power at extremely
high voltages in both the direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC)
modes, reducing power losses proportionately. Another is the real-time control
of power generation, transmission, and distribution, using computers to analyze
the data fed back from the power system to a central station and thereby
optimizing the efficiency of the system while it is in operation.
A significant advance in the engineering of electric machinery has been the
introduction of electronic controls that enable AC motors to run at variable
speeds by adjusting the frequency of the current fed into them. DC motors have
also been made to run more efficiently this way. See also Electric Motors and
Generators; Electric Power Systems.
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Mechanical Engineering
Engineers in this field design, test, build, and operate
machinery of all types; they also work on a variety of manufactured goods and
certain kinds of structures. The field is divided into:
(1) machinery, mechanisms, materials, hydraulics, and
pneumatics; and
(2) heat as applied to engines, work and energy, heating,
ventilating, and air conditioning.
The mechanical engineer, therefore, must be trained in
mechanics, hydraulics, and thermodynamics and must be fully grounded in such
subjects as metallurgy and machine design. Some mechanical engineers specialize
in particular types of machines such as pumps or steam turbines. A mechanical
engineer designs not only the machines that make products but the products
themselves, and must design for both economy and efficiency. A typical example
of the complexity of modern mechanical engineering is the design of an
automobile, which entails not only the design of the engine that drives the car
but also all its attendant accessories such as the steering and braking systems,
the lighting system, the gearing by which the engine's power is delivered to the
wheels, the controls, and the body, including such details as the door latches
and the type of seat upholstery.
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Aeronautical Engineering
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Leather Technology
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